1.要一篇科技论文（英文的）

A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague knowledge. Besides temporal and capacity constraints, compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are managed. We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set theory. The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of schedules. A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule first. Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled later. Finally, the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of satisfaction. Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets, robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak schedules. However, if no robust solution is found constraints will be relaxed. This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is dominant. We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel 补充： Bidding for the Olympic Games, in a way, an image-creating undertaking. The first and foremost thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight, attracting them by its unipue image. What image does Beijing intend to create for itself once it has the opportunity to host the 2008 Olympics? It is known to all that the Beijing Municipal Government has already set the theme for the future games: New Beijing, Great Olympics. For me, the 2008 Olympics will be a great green Olympics illuminated with two more special colors, yellow and red. First, yellow is a meaningful color. The Yellow River is China's Mother River and the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. This color has a special origin and great significance for the Chinese people. Beijing is the capital of New China and previously the capital for nine dynasties in Chinese history. So, yellow will naturally add splendor to the 2008 Games. Secondly, the 2008 Olympics will be a red pageant.Red is another traditionally cherished color for the whole country. We adore red. On big occasions, we like to decorate our homes in red. It is the color of double happiness, representing joyous moments, auspiciousness, enthusiasm and prosperity. Red is one of the most suitable colors to describe the future of Beijing . Beijing , together with the whole country, is becoming more and more prosperous in the process of modernization. Should the 2008 Olympics be held in Beijing, the whole city will be a sea of red : the red torch,red flags, red flowers, and the radiant faces of millions of joyful people. Above all, the 2008 Olympics will be a green Olympics. Adding a green ingredient is essential in creating an appealing image, as we can't deny the fact that Beijing, at the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be. Striving for an environmentally appealing city has become a central task for all the citizens of Beijing. Big efforts have been made in pollution control, replanting and beautification of the city. According to a project entitled" The Green Olympic Action Plan", between 1998 and 2007, Beijing, we have invested 100 billion RMB in preserving and protecting the environment. Some 12.5 million trees and over 1 million acres of grass will be planted along the Fourth Ring Road. By then, the city's green area will make up 40% of its total. The city will also dredge its reservoirs used as a water supply to Beijing residents, controlling industrial pollution and moving out the 200 factories presently located within the city proper. Certainly, all of this is no easy task. But I am sure that all of us have confidence that we will realize these green goals. For now we have the full support and participation of the environmentally conscious citizens. Each citizen is showing great concern for every one of the steps the city government takes. As the saying goes, United, we stand, and a green Beijing will be achieved. When our aspiration becomes a reality, it will be a unique Olympics." New Beijing, Great Olympics"; will be weaved of these three superb colors: yellow, red and green. 追问： 用中文写清楚 这篇英文文章研究的是什么问题？这个问题是怎么研究的？发现了什么？这些发现意 味着什么？ 谢谢 回答： 第一篇与电有关。

2.求有关科技的英语作文一篇

The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must some solutions. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective communication device now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases become treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern communication, is easy to be destroyed by computer virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources become scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent.可以自己删减 在提供一篇翻译的：现代科技使生活更加便捷（Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient） Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being' s progress. Men used to cut trees with hand saw. But now, by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes. Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour's ride away. You probably want to make a phone call. But no telephone is installed in your friend' s home. What could you do? Nowadays, with modern technology advanting, using internet is popular with us. Some years ago, people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much time. Now, if you use Internet, all becomes a piece of cake. Only by clucking, you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level, because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。

人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。

但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。

现在，如果使用网络，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。

我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。21st century is the century of technology. Nowadays, technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affact toward the society. Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cellphone. These new technologies make our life much easier and better. First, the development of computer changes our life. Decades ago, people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer, and more obvious, they did not have the software for calculation. As the result of that, people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a minute. Since the development of computer, people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical calculation. Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more efficiently. Also, internet is another useful tool for us today. The 。

3.英文报告格式

英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms （题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”） （学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中） 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。

） 【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。 ） 1。

Introduction （顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行） In both English and Chinese， …。 So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999)。

（段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前） 2。 The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English， …。

And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don't know。 我不知道。

（2） I am not a poet。 我不是诗人。

（正文中的例子以（1）,(2)…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①， ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号） 3。 The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms 3。

1 The characteristics of English idioms （正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1。 ,2。

, 3。，…；节的编号：1。

1,1。2…，2。

1,2。2…；小节的编号为：1。

1。1, 1。

1。2…。

小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i）,(ii)…；之后再采用字母加括号，如（a）, (b)，…；每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …。 In conclusion， …。

3。2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms …。

Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples （注意此句中夹注的另一种写法）： （9） We never know the worth of water till the well is dry。 (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it。

…。 3。

2。1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms … （i） …。

…。 （ii） …。

…。 4。

Conclusion …。 Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed。

The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]。 New York: OUP, 1981。

一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文（如英语毕业论文）一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下：第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行（通常为by，居中）的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期（均居中）。 如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名（如：Dr。

/Prof。C。

Prager）及本门课程的编号或名称（如：English 734或British Novel）。打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为0。

6cm（论文其他部分行距同此）。 就学生而言，如果英语论文篇幅较短，亦可不做标题页（及提纲页），而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。

第一行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为2。5cm，以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号（或名称）及日期；各行左边上下对齐，并留出2。

5cm左右的页边空白（下同）。接下来便是论文标题及正文（日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白）。

二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下：先在第一行（与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2。 5cm左右）的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母。

4.制造技术的英语论文

1. MODELING CONFLICT AND COORDINATION IN MULTICHANNEL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: A REVIEW37 – Dynamic pricing becomes much more feasible when selling online, as there are no physical price tags or display labels to manually update.Dell Computer is known to alter its prices on a frequent basis to balance demand and supply (McWilliams 2001).– An online channel's ability to identify individual customers raises the prospect of personalized pricing, although public acceptance of the practice remains an obstacle12.– Auctions have always provided sellers a way to pursue the highest possible price for an item, and perhaps to offer multiples of the same product at different prices (if auctioned separately). The growing reach and market acceptance of online auction-enablers such as eBay have led an increasing number of firms to consider adding an auction-based channel for regular sales (as opposed to the occasional liquidation of distressed inventory13) and for reaching individuals (as opposed to other firms) (Brown 2002).– The Internet has enabled sellers to make innovative use of traditional instruments such as volume pricing. Mercata.com and others enabled unaffiliated individuals to spontaneously pool their buying power to become eligible for the bulk discounts14. Anand and Aron (2002) evaluate this selling approach in a context without intermediaries or multiple channels.12 Amazon.com terminated its Fall 2000 experiment with this strategy due to customer complaints after the practice was publicized (Rosencrance 2000).13 The secondary market of Peleg and Lee (2002) is described as an auction, but is used only for the disposal of surplus. The modeled mechanism results in all units being sold at the same price to all interested buyers.14 Mercata.com invited any online visitor to join a buying group for a particular product, with the price of the product dropping with each new member. The final price would be known only at the end of the joining period, but that price would be available to all group members regardless of when they joined. This was premised to accelerate demand creation since potential buyers would join even if the current price exceeded their maximum willingness to pay, as long as they could expect additional price declines. Such collective behavior would in turn make the desired price a sell-fulfilling prophecy.Moreover, this method gives group members incentive to recruit additional buyers from their personal networks, effectively turning customers into a volunteer sales force. (The notion of customers providing sales effort, which is an example of what some term "viral marketing," is certainly outside the scope of any model of which we are aware.) Mercata.com ceased operations in January 2001, in part because manufacturers were reluctant to sell this way for fear of angering their traditional retail partners (Fowler 2002).This does not necessarily invalidate the sales model, but certainly underscores our thesis about the importance of managing channel conflict.38 Chapter 13 Modeling these types of pricing strategies would most likely require some combination of more time periods, more price variables and all the ancillary demand elasticities and cross-elasticities, and more detailed models of consumer behavior and preferences.4.1.2 Non-financial aspects of the purchase A purchase is more than an exchange of dollars for product, and different channels can provide distinctive experiences for the buyer even if selling the same physical product at the same price. Many facets of this issue have been studied extensively in the marketing and consumer behavior literatures, but not in the competitive context of a multi-channel model. Two commonly mentioned examples are：– A number of experiential distinctions are especially pronounced when comparing direct and bricks-and-mortar channels. These include visual and tactile interaction with the product15, the method of obtaining product information (e.g., face to face, over a phone line, or through a computer screen), the delay between purchase and receipt, and even the crowds that often define bricks-and-mortar shopping (which can either be a positive or a negative depending on individual preferences). Naturally, these types of qualitative factors have been difficult to model in any detail.– Ease of returning product is a major consideration when customers decide how to buy. Bricks-and-mortar channels enjoy an advantage in this category, as most virtual channels do not reimburse return freight charges except for defective products (and even then, the customer must still endure 。

5.土木工程学术报告带英文

THURSDAY, MARCH 26, 2009Civil EngineeringMy interest in civil engineering began after I passed my GCSE's and moved on into 6th year. I had no real idea beforehand what I wanted to do and I went out on work experience with British Telecom doing electrical engineering. I enjoyed the week but the options as a job I found were very narrow and there wasn't a great challenge. I read about the different types of engineering and came across civil engineering. At first it reminded me of architecture which I thought was a very interesting subject but I didn't have the artistic side, but with civil engineering, I have always appreciated the large structures and buildings which have surrounded me and I have always had respect for the people who have been involved with the design and constructions of these buildings on such a large scale. I liked the different aspects of it, using knowledge of maths and science subjects to apply to real life situations such as building structures, roads bridges and dams. It suited me much more. Not only did it look interesting but also very challenging especially working with large structures and different materials.I chose maths, physics and biology as my A-Level subjects because I have always done well at them. I achieved an A grade, and a B grade in Maths and Additional Maths respectively, and a double A at double award science at GCSE. I have had 3 awards in the UK maths challenge outside of school where I have achieved 2 bronze awards and silver. For A-Level I found them difficult but as time went past I began to enjoy them more as I began to understand them more. I didn't enjoy biology and it was then I knew I definitely didn't want to go down any road which revolved around biology. The mechanics from the maths and physics was a strong point. I chose QUB because of its high reputation of success in teaching the course and the added advantage of the option of being able to go home to Derry at the weekend. In the first week of my civil engineering course, I was happy to be introduced to the solids and structure part of the course. Another of my classes was engineering drawing which seems to be straight forward drawing which I like, rather than using artistic skills I will be using rulers, protractors, compasses and other instruments which will give me precise drawings to scale. We were told about CAD which really excited me as I enjoy using computers because, if used right they are more precise than any hand drawing and can save a lot of time. Once the information has been put in once and saved you don't have to re-enter it and with a few clicks, accurate drawing and other helpful things such as graphs can be drawn up and printed out which will be very helpful during presentations etc.The main aspect of the civil engineering course I enjoy is obviously where I go after I leave university. Travelling to different countries is an exciting prospect and civil engineering is very important all over the world as buildings and maintaining structures will always be important everywhere. I have always wanted to make a career out of my life rather than just having a job, and hopefully if things go well I will end up with my own engineering company and to be my own boss. I wanted a job where I could have an office yet not be confined to it. I needed to be able to work in the field and see the structures that I designed. Last summer I had a job doing heavy work for my uncles contracting company. I lifted lots of rocks and dirt and helped in many different parts of the building site. The labour was hard, and I only made a few pound an hour, but I always enjoyed the job because I was working outside “on the front line”. Working in the field of civil engineering can provide me with numerous opportunities to escape from the office and breathe for a time, while I accomplish something. Consequently, choosing a career in civil engineering would allow me to do something I enjoy, help the community, and achieve financial security at the same time. I believe civil engineering is the field for me.。